Corona
The Corona, Argon, and Lanyard satellites were U.S. photographic surveillance satellites used from the late 50's through the early 70's. The satellites were designed to assess how rapidly the Soviet Union was producing long-range bombers and ballistic missiles, and where they were being deployed. The programs' worldwide photographic coverage was also used to produce maps and charts for the Department of Defense and other U.S. government mapping programs. The satellites used film canisters that were returned to earth in capsules (a.k.a. "buckets") for evaluation. These capsules were designed to be recovered by a specially equipped aircraft during parachute descent, but were also designed to float to permit recovery from the ocean. All film was black-and-white, with the exception of some small samples of infrared and color film carried on some missions as experiments. The first launches of the Corona program were announced by the USAF as satellites in the Discoverer series. This Discoverer program, then described as a satellite technology development effort, was in reality mainly a cover for the Corona photographic missions. However, the Discoverer program did not solely consist of surveillance missions, and included non-imaging test flights to verify technologies and fix recurring technical problems in the Corona series, as well as 2 flights to test sensors for the MIDAS early warning satellite system. Following Discoverer 38, the Discoverer program was terminated, and a veil of secrecy was placed on all photographic surveillance missions and related test missions. The KH- (KeyHole) designation is used to refer to all photographic reconnaisance satellites. The number following the KH- designation indicates what type camera system was used on the satellite. This designation system came into use during 1962 with the 4th camera system, with its predecessors retroactively identified as KH-1, KH-2, and KH-3. In 1995, President Clinton signed an Executive Order directing the declassification of intelligence imagery acquired by the Corona, Argon, and Lanyard missions. The order provides for the declassification of more than 860,000 images of the Earth's surface, collected between 1960 and 1972. These images are now publically available. Little information is available about the various satellite designs. However, some details about the various camera systems have been made available. Early systems (KH-1, KH-2, KH-3 and KH-6) carried a single panoramic camera, or a single frame camera (KH-5), while later systems (KH-4, KH-4A, and KH-4B) carried two panoramic cameras looking 30 degree apart (one looking forward, the other looking rear). The KH-6 camera was programmed to tilt between fore and aft to cover the same land area twice during a photographic pass and thus provide stereo coverage. Early systems operated with a single bucket, while later systems were configured with two buckets; the KH-4A was the first satellite with multiple film buckets. Additionally, the fore and aft camera's film were packaged separately for missions that carried twin panoramic cameras. Occasionally one of the pair of cameras malfunctioned or was programmed to halt, while its mate continued to operate.
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System | KH-1, KH-2, KH-3, KH-4 | KH-4A | KH-4B | KH-5 | KH-6 | |
Camera Type | Panoramic | Panoramic | Panoramic | Frame | Panoramic | |
Film Width | 70 mm | 70 mm | 70 mm | 5 in | 5 in | |
Focal Length (in.) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 66 | |
Best Ground Resolution (approx.) | 25 ft. | 9 ft. | 6 ft. | 460 ft. | 6 ft. | |
Nominal Orbit Altitude (km) | 165-460 | 185 | 150 | 322 | 172 | |
Nominal Photo Scale on Film | 1:275,000 to 1:760,000 | 1:305,000 | 1:247,500 | 1:4,250,000 | 1:100,000 | |
Nominal Ground Coverage/Image Frame (km) | 15 x 210 to 42 x 580 | 17 x 232 | 14 x 188 | 483 x 483 | 12 x 64 |
Launch Facts
Name | Int'l Desig. | Date | Site | Vehicle | Orbit | Mass(kg) |
Notes | ||||||
Discoverer 1 | 1959-[Beta]1 | 2/28/59 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | LEO | 618 |
1st polar orbiting satellite; KH-1 prototype; did not carry camera or film capsule | ||||||
Discoverer 2 | 1959-[Gamma]1 | 4/13/59 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | LEO | 743 |
KH-1 prototype; tested capsule recovery techniques; did not carry camera; capsule recovery failed | ||||||
Discoverer 3 | none | 6/3/59 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | FTO | 753 |
KH-1 prototype; did not carry camera; film capsule recovery failed | ||||||
Discoverer 4 | none | 6/25/59 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | FTO | 743 |
KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance | ||||||
Discoverer 5 | 1959-[Epsilon]1 | 8/13/59 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | LEO | 781 |
KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance; film capsule boosted into higher orbit, decayed 2/11/61 | ||||||
Discoverer 6 | 1959-[Zeta]1 | 8/19/59 | WSMC | Thor Agena | LEO | 783 |
KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance; film capsule recovery failed | ||||||
Discoverer 7 | 1959-[Kappa]1 | 11/7/59 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | LEO | 794 |
KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance; satellite tumbled; film capsule not recovered | ||||||
Discoverer 8 | 1959-[Lambda]1 | 11/20/59 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | LEO | 795 |
KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance; film capsule recovery failed | ||||||
Discoverer 9 | none | 2/4/60 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | FTO | 765 |
KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance; premature 1st stage cutoff | ||||||
Discoverer 10 | none | 2/19/60 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | FTO | 765 |
KH-1; destroyed by range safety | ||||||
Discoverer 11 | 1960-[Delta]1 | 4/15/60 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | LEO | 790 |
KH-1; film capsule recovery failed | ||||||
Discoverer 12 | none | 6/29/60 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | FTO | 790 |
KH-1 prototype; designed to test capsule recovery system; did not carry camera | ||||||
Discoverer 13 | 1960-[Theta]1 | 8/10/60 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | LEO | 850 |
KH-1 prototype; designed to test capsule recovery system; did not carry camera; capsule successfully recovered from ocean | ||||||
Discoverer 14 | 1960-[Kappa]1 | 8/18/60 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | LEO | 850 |
KH-1; film capsule recovered 1.2 days later; 1st successful photosurveillance mission | ||||||
Discoverer 15 | 1960-[Mu]1 | 9/13/60 | WSMC | Thor Agena A | LEO | 863 |
KH-1; film capsule lost at sea | ||||||
Discoverer 16 | none | 10/26/60 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | FTO | 1091 |
KH-1; 2nd stage failed to separate | ||||||
Discoverer 17 | 1960-[Omicron]1 | 11/12/60 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1091 |
KH-1; film capsule recovered 2.1 days later | ||||||
Discoverer 18 | 1960-[Sigma]1 | 12/7/60 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1240 |
KH-2; film capsule recovered 3.1 days later | ||||||
Discoverer 20 | 1961-[Epsilon]1 | 2/17/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1110 |
KH-5; film capsule not ejected | ||||||
Discoverer 22 | none | 3/30/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | FTO | 1150 |
KH-2; 2nd stage control system malfunction | ||||||
Discoverer 23 | 1961-[Lambda]1 | 4/8/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 |
KH-5; film capsule boosted into higher orbit, decayed 5/23/62 | ||||||
Discoverer 24 | none | 6/8/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | FTO | 1150 |
KH-5 | ||||||
Discoverer 25 | 1961-[Xi]1 | 6/16/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 |
KH-2; film capsule recovered 2.1 days later | ||||||
Discoverer 26 | 1961-[Pi]1 | 7/7/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 |
KH-2; film capsule recovered 2.1 days later | ||||||
Discoverer 27 | none | 7/21/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | FTO | 1150 |
KH-5; destroyed by range safety | ||||||
Discoverer 28 | none | 8/3/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | FTO | 1150 |
KH-2; 2nd stage control system malfunction | ||||||
Discoverer 29 | 1961-[Psi]1 | 8/30/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 |
KH-3; film capsule recovered 2.1 days later | ||||||
Discoverer 30 | 1961-[Omega]1 | 9/12/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 |
KH-3; film capsule recovered 2.1 days later | ||||||
Discoverer 31 | 1961-A[Beta]1 | 9/17/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 |
KH-3; film capsule recovery failed | ||||||
Discoverer 32 | 1961-A[Gamma]1 | 10/13/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 |
KH-3; film capsule recovered 1.1 days later | ||||||
Discoverer 33 | none | 10/23/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | FTO | 1150 |
KH-3; premature launch vehicle shutdown | ||||||
Discoverer 34 | 1961-A[Epsilon]1 | 11/5/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 |
KH-3; film capsule recovery not attempted | ||||||
Discoverer 35 | 1961-A[Zeta]1 | 11/15/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 2100 |
KH-3; film capsule recovered 1.1 days later | ||||||
Discoverer 36 | 1961-A[Kappa]1 | 12/12/61 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 |
KH-3; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later | ||||||
Discoverer 37 | none | 1/13/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | FTO | 1150 |
KH-3 | ||||||
Discoverer 38 | 1962-[Epsilon]1 | 2/27/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 |
KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later | ||||||
1962-[Lambda]1 | 4/18/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1962-[Rho]1 | 4/28/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1962-[Sigma]1 | 5/15/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-5; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later | ||||||
1962-[Phi]1 | 5/30/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4; film capsule recovered 3.1 days later | ||||||
1962-[Chi]1 | 6/2/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1962-A[Beta]1 | 6/23/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1962-A[Gamma]1 | 6/28/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later | ||||||
1962-A[Eta]1 | 7/21/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1962-A[Theta]1 | 7/28/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later | ||||||
1962-A[Kappa]1 | 8/2/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later | ||||||
1962-A[Sigma]1 | 8/29/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later | ||||||
1962-A[Upsilon]1 | 9/1/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-5 | ||||||
1962-A[Chi]1 | 9/17/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4; film capsule recovered 1.1 days later; ERS-2 subsatellite failed to deploy | ||||||
1962-B[Beta]1 | 9/29/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 91 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1962-B[Epsilon]1 | 10/9/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | ||
KH-5; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later | ||||||
1962-B[Omicron]1 | 11/5/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4; film capsule; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later | ||||||
1962-B[Rho]1 | 11/24/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena B | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1962-B[Sigma]1 | 12/4/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1962-B[Phi]1 | 12/14/62 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later | ||||||
1963-002A | 1/7/63 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
none | 2/28/63 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | FTO | 1500 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
none | 3/18/63 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | FTO | 1500 | |
KH-6 | ||||||
1963-007A | 4/1/63 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4; film capsule recovered 3.1 days later | ||||||
none | 4/26/63 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | FTO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1963-016A | 5/18/63 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-6 | ||||||
1963-019A | 6/12/63 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1963-025A | 6/27/63 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1963-029A | 7/18/63 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1963-032A | 7/31/63 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-6 | ||||||
1963-034A | 8/24/63 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1963-035A | 8/29/63 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 1000 | |
KH-5; deployed ELINT subsatellite | ||||||
1963-037A | 9/23/63 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1963-042A | 10/29/63 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-5; deployed ELINT subsatellite | ||||||
none | 11/9/63 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | FTO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1963-048A | 11/27/63 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 1150 | |
KH-4 | ||||||
1963-055A | 12/21/63 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4; deployed ELINT subsatellite | ||||||
1964-008A | 2/15/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1590 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
none | 3/24/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | FTO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1964-022A | 4/27/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1964-027A | 6/4/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1964-030A | 6/13/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-5; carried Star Flash experiment | ||||||
1964-032A | 6/19/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1964-037A | 7/10/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1964-043A | 8/5/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1540 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1964-048A | 8/21/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-5 | ||||||
1964-056A | 9/14/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1330 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1964-061A | 10/5/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1964-067A | 10/17/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1964-071A | 11/2/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1964-075A | 11/18/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1964-085A | 12/19/64 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-002A | 1/15/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-013A | 2/25/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-026A | 3/25/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-033A | 4/29/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-037A | 5/18/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-045A | 6/9/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-057A | 7/19/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-067A | 8/17/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-074A | 9/22/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-079A | 10/5/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-086A | 10/28/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-102A | 12/9/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1965-110A | 12/24/65 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1966-007A | 2/2/66 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1966-018A | 3/9/66 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1966-029A | 4/7/66 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
none | 5/3/66 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | FTO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1966-042A | 5/24/66 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1966-055A | 6/21/66 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1966-072A | 8/9/66 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1966-085A | 9/20/66 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1966-102A | 11/8/66 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1967-002A | 1/14/67 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1967-015A | 2/22/67 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1967-029A | 3/30/67 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 1500 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1967-043A | 5/9/67 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1967-062A | 6/16/67 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1967-076A | 8/7/67 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1967-087A | 9/15/67 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1967-109A | 11/2/67 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1967-122A | 12/9/67 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1968-008A | 1/24/68 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1968-020A | 3/14/68 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1968-039A | 5/1/68 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1968-052A | 6/20/68 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1968-065A | 8/7/68 | WSMC | LT-TA Thor-Burner 2 | LEO | 3000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1968-078A | 9/18/68 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1968-098A | 11/3/68 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1968-112A | 12/12/68 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1969-010A | 2/5/69 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1969-026A | 3/19/69 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1969-041A | 5/2/69 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1969-063A | 7/24/69 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1969-079A | 9/22/69 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4A | ||||||
1969-105A | 12/4/69 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1970-016A | 3/4/70 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1970-040A | 5/20/70 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1970-054A | 7/23/70 | WSMC | Titan 3B Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1970-098A | 11/18/70 | WSMC | Thor Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
none | 2/17/71 | WSMC | Thor Agena | FTO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1971-022A | 3/24/71 | WSMC | LT Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1971-076A | 9/10/71 | WSMC | TA Thor-Agena D | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1972-016A | 3/17/72 | WSMC | Titan 3B Agena | LEO | 3000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||
1972-039A | 5/25/72 | WSMC | Thor Agena | LEO | 2000 | |
KH-4B | ||||||