The Mission and Spacecraft Library
Program

Corona
including Discoverer, Corona (KH-1, KH-2, KH-3, KH-4, KH-4A, KH-4B), Argon (KH-5), Lanyard (KH-6)

The Corona, Argon, and Lanyard satellites were U.S. photographic surveillance satellites used from the late 50's through the early 70's. The satellites were designed to assess how rapidly the Soviet Union was producing long-range bombers and ballistic missiles, and where they were being deployed. The programs' worldwide photographic coverage was also used to produce maps and charts for the Department of Defense and other U.S. government mapping programs.

The satellites used film canisters that were returned to earth in capsules (a.k.a. "buckets") for evaluation. These capsules were designed to be recovered by a specially equipped aircraft during parachute descent, but were also designed to float to permit recovery from the ocean. All film was black-and-white, with the exception of some small samples of infrared and color film carried on some missions as experiments.

The first launches of the Corona program were announced by the USAF as satellites in the Discoverer series. This Discoverer program, then described as a satellite technology development effort, was in reality mainly a cover for the Corona photographic missions. However, the Discoverer program did not solely consist of surveillance missions, and included non-imaging test flights to verify technologies and fix recurring technical problems in the Corona series, as well as 2 flights to test sensors for the MIDAS early warning satellite system. Following Discoverer 38, the Discoverer program was terminated, and a veil of secrecy was placed on all photographic surveillance missions and related test missions.

The KH- (KeyHole) designation is used to refer to all photographic reconnaisance satellites. The number following the KH- designation indicates what type camera system was used on the satellite. This designation system came into use during 1962 with the 4th camera system, with its predecessors retroactively identified as KH-1, KH-2, and KH-3.

In 1995, President Clinton signed an Executive Order directing the declassification of intelligence imagery acquired by the Corona, Argon, and Lanyard missions. The order provides for the declassification of more than 860,000 images of the Earth's surface, collected between 1960 and 1972. These images are now publically available.

Little information is available about the various satellite designs. However, some details about the various camera systems have been made available. Early systems (KH-1, KH-2, KH-3 and KH-6) carried a single panoramic camera, or a single frame camera (KH-5), while later systems (KH-4, KH-4A, and KH-4B) carried two panoramic cameras looking 30 degree apart (one looking forward, the other looking rear). The KH-6 camera was programmed to tilt between fore and aft to cover the same land area twice during a photographic pass and thus provide stereo coverage. Early systems operated with a single bucket, while later systems were configured with two buckets; the KH-4A was the first satellite with multiple film buckets. Additionally, the fore and aft camera's film were packaged separately for missions that carried twin panoramic cameras. Occasionally one of the pair of cameras malfunctioned or was programmed to halt, while its mate continued to operate.

Camera, Film, and Image Parameters

SystemKH-1, KH-2, KH-3, KH-4KH-4AKH-4BKH-5KH-6
Camera TypePanoramicPanoramicPanoramicFramePanoramic
Film Width70 mm70 mm70 mm5 in5 in
Focal Length (in.)242424366
Best Ground Resolution (approx.)25 ft.9 ft.6 ft.460 ft.6 ft.
Nominal Orbit Altitude (km)165-460185150322172
Nominal Photo Scale on Film1:275,000 to 1:760,0001:305,0001:247,5001:4,250,0001:100,000
Nominal Ground Coverage/Image Frame (km)15 x 210 to 42 x 58017 x 23214 x 188483 x 48312 x 64
Of the 144 total Corona missions, 102 were successful. Of the 11 Argon missions, 6 were successful. Of the 3 Lanyard missions, 1 was successful.

Launch Facts
 Name  Int'l Desig.  Date  Site  Vehicle  Orbit  Mass(kg)
    Notes
 Discoverer 1  1959-[Beta]1  2/28/59  WSMC  Thor Agena A  LEO  618
    1st polar orbiting satellite; KH-1 prototype; did not carry camera or film capsule
 Discoverer 2  1959-[Gamma]1  4/13/59  WSMC  Thor Agena A  LEO  743
    KH-1 prototype; tested capsule recovery techniques; did not carry camera; capsule recovery failed
 Discoverer 3  none  6/3/59  WSMC  Thor Agena A  FTO  753
    KH-1 prototype; did not carry camera; film capsule recovery failed
 Discoverer 4  none  6/25/59  WSMC  Thor Agena A  FTO  743
    KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance
 Discoverer 5  1959-[Epsilon]1  8/13/59  WSMC  Thor Agena A  LEO  781
    KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance; film capsule boosted into higher orbit, decayed 2/11/61
 Discoverer 6  1959-[Zeta]1  8/19/59  WSMC  Thor Agena  LEO  783
    KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance; film capsule recovery failed
 Discoverer 7  1959-[Kappa]1  11/7/59  WSMC  Thor Agena A  LEO  794
    KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance; satellite tumbled; film capsule not recovered
 Discoverer 8  1959-[Lambda]1  11/20/59  WSMC  Thor Agena A  LEO  795
    KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance; film capsule recovery failed
 Discoverer 9  none  2/4/60  WSMC  Thor Agena A  FTO  765
    KH-1; 1st generation low resolution photo surveillance; premature 1st stage cutoff
 Discoverer 10  none  2/19/60  WSMC  Thor Agena A  FTO  765
    KH-1; destroyed by range safety
 Discoverer 11  1960-[Delta]1  4/15/60  WSMC  Thor Agena A  LEO  790
    KH-1; film capsule recovery failed
 Discoverer 12  none  6/29/60  WSMC  Thor Agena A  FTO  790
    KH-1 prototype; designed to test capsule recovery system; did not carry camera
 Discoverer 13  1960-[Theta]1  8/10/60  WSMC  Thor Agena A  LEO  850
    KH-1 prototype; designed to test capsule recovery system; did not carry camera; capsule successfully recovered from ocean
 Discoverer 14  1960-[Kappa]1  8/18/60  WSMC  Thor Agena A  LEO  850
    KH-1; film capsule recovered 1.2 days later; 1st successful photosurveillance mission
 Discoverer 15  1960-[Mu]1  9/13/60  WSMC  Thor Agena A  LEO  863
    KH-1; film capsule lost at sea
 Discoverer 16  none  10/26/60  WSMC  Thor Agena B  FTO  1091
    KH-1; 2nd stage failed to separate
 Discoverer 17  1960-[Omicron]1  11/12/60  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1091
    KH-1; film capsule recovered 2.1 days later
 Discoverer 18  1960-[Sigma]1  12/7/60  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1240
    KH-2; film capsule recovered 3.1 days later
 Discoverer 20  1961-[Epsilon]1  2/17/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1110
    KH-5; film capsule not ejected
 Discoverer 22  none  3/30/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  FTO  1150
    KH-2; 2nd stage control system malfunction
 Discoverer 23  1961-[Lambda]1  4/8/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-5; film capsule boosted into higher orbit, decayed 5/23/62
 Discoverer 24  none  6/8/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  FTO  1150
    KH-5
 Discoverer 25  1961-[Xi]1  6/16/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-2; film capsule recovered 2.1 days later
 Discoverer 26  1961-[Pi]1  7/7/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-2; film capsule recovered 2.1 days later
 Discoverer 27  none  7/21/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  FTO  1150
    KH-5; destroyed by range safety
 Discoverer 28  none  8/3/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  FTO  1150
    KH-2; 2nd stage control system malfunction
 Discoverer 29  1961-[Psi]1  8/30/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-3; film capsule recovered 2.1 days later
 Discoverer 30  1961-[Omega]1  9/12/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-3; film capsule recovered 2.1 days later
 Discoverer 31  1961-A[Beta]1  9/17/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-3; film capsule recovery failed
 Discoverer 32  1961-A[Gamma]1  10/13/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-3; film capsule recovered 1.1 days later
 Discoverer 33  none  10/23/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  FTO  1150
    KH-3; premature launch vehicle shutdown
 Discoverer 34  1961-A[Epsilon]1  11/5/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-3; film capsule recovery not attempted
 Discoverer 35  1961-A[Zeta]1  11/15/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  2100
    KH-3; film capsule recovered 1.1 days later
 Discoverer 36  1961-A[Kappa]1  12/12/61  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-3; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later
 Discoverer 37  none  1/13/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  FTO  1150
    KH-3
 Discoverer 38  1962-[Epsilon]1  2/27/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later
   1962-[Lambda]1  4/18/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-4
   1962-[Rho]1  4/28/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-4
   1962-[Sigma]1  5/15/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-5; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later
   1962-[Phi]1  5/30/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-4; film capsule recovered 3.1 days later
   1962-[Chi]1  6/2/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-4
   1962-A[Beta]1  6/23/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-4
   1962-A[Gamma]1  6/28/62  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  1150
    KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later
   1962-A[Eta]1  7/21/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-4
   1962-A[Theta]1  7/28/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later
   1962-A[Kappa]1  8/2/62  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  1150
    KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later
   1962-A[Sigma]1  8/29/62  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  1150
    KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later
   1962-A[Upsilon]1  9/1/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-5
   1962-A[Chi]1  9/17/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1500
    KH-4; film capsule recovered 1.1 days later; ERS-2 subsatellite failed to deploy
   1962-B[Beta]1  9/29/62  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  91
    KH-4
   1962-B[Epsilon]1  10/9/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  
    KH-5; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later
   1962-B[Omicron]1  11/5/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-4; film capsule; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later
   1962-B[Rho]1  11/24/62  WSMC  Thor Agena B  LEO  1150
    KH-4
   1962-B[Sigma]1  12/4/62  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  1150
    KH-4
   1962-B[Phi]1  12/14/62  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  1150
    KH-4; film capsule recovered 4.1 days later
   1963-002A  1/7/63  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  1150
    KH-4
   none  2/28/63  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  FTO  1500
    KH-4
   none  3/18/63  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  FTO  1500
    KH-6
   1963-007A  4/1/63  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  1150
    KH-4; film capsule recovered 3.1 days later
   none  4/26/63  WSMC  Thor Agena D  FTO  1150
    KH-4
   1963-016A  5/18/63  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-6
   1963-019A  6/12/63  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4
   1963-025A  6/27/63  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4
   1963-029A  7/18/63  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  1150
    KH-4
   1963-032A  7/31/63  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-6
   1963-034A  8/24/63  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1963-035A  8/29/63  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  1000
    KH-5; deployed ELINT subsatellite
   1963-037A  9/23/63  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1963-042A  10/29/63  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-5; deployed ELINT subsatellite
   none  11/9/63  WSMC  Thor Agena D  FTO  1150
    KH-4
   1963-048A  11/27/63  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  1150
    KH-4
   1963-055A  12/21/63  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4; deployed ELINT subsatellite
   1964-008A  2/15/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1590
    KH-4A
   none  3/24/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  FTO  1500
    KH-4A
   1964-022A  4/27/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1964-027A  6/4/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1964-030A  6/13/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-5; carried Star Flash experiment
   1964-032A  6/19/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1964-037A  7/10/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1964-043A  8/5/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1540
    KH-4A
   1964-048A  8/21/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-5
   1964-056A  9/14/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1330
    KH-4A
   1964-061A  10/5/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1964-067A  10/17/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1964-071A  11/2/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1964-075A  11/18/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1964-085A  12/19/64  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-002A  1/15/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-013A  2/25/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-026A  3/25/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-033A  4/29/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-037A  5/18/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-045A  6/9/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-057A  7/19/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-067A  8/17/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-074A  9/22/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-079A  10/5/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-086A  10/28/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-102A  12/9/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1965-110A  12/24/65  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1966-007A  2/2/66  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1966-018A  3/9/66  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1966-029A  4/7/66  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   none  5/3/66  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  FTO  1500
    KH-4A
   1966-042A  5/24/66  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1966-055A  6/21/66  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1966-072A  8/9/66  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1966-085A  9/20/66  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1966-102A  11/8/66  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1967-002A  1/14/67  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1967-015A  2/22/67  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1967-029A  3/30/67  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  1500
    KH-4A
   1967-043A  5/9/67  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1967-062A  6/16/67  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1967-076A  8/7/67  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1967-087A  9/15/67  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1967-109A  11/2/67  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1967-122A  12/9/67  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1968-008A  1/24/68  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1968-020A  3/14/68  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1968-039A  5/1/68  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1968-052A  6/20/68  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1968-065A  8/7/68  WSMC  LT-TA Thor-Burner 2  LEO  3000
    KH-4B
   1968-078A  9/18/68  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1968-098A  11/3/68  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1968-112A  12/12/68  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1969-010A  2/5/69  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1969-026A  3/19/69  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1969-041A  5/2/69  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1969-063A  7/24/69  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1969-079A  9/22/69  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4A
   1969-105A  12/4/69  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1970-016A  3/4/70  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1970-040A  5/20/70  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1970-054A  7/23/70  WSMC  Titan 3B Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1970-098A  11/18/70  WSMC  Thor Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   none  2/17/71  WSMC  Thor Agena  FTO  2000
    KH-4B
   1971-022A  3/24/71  WSMC  LT Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1971-076A  9/10/71  WSMC  TA Thor-Agena D  LEO  2000
    KH-4B
   1972-016A  3/17/72  WSMC  Titan 3B Agena  LEO  3000
    KH-4B
   1972-039A  5/25/72  WSMC  Thor Agena  LEO  2000
    KH-4B

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